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LIFE SKILLS

13 Januari 2023
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Yuk Ketahui Life Skills Pada Dirimu!

Kecakapan hidup(life skills) adalah kemampuan dan pengetahuan seseorang untuk berani menghadapi problema hidup dan kehidupan secara proaktif mencari serta menemukan solusi sehingga akhirnya mampu mengatasinya dengan kemampuan berinteraksi dan beradaptasi dengan orang lain, keterampilan mengambil keputusan, pemecahan masalah, berfikir kritis, berfikir kreatif, berkomunikasi yang efektif, membina hubungan antar pribadi, kesadaran diri, berempati, mengatasi emosi dan mengatasi stres.

Berikut definisi dan pengertian kecakapan hidup dari beberapa sumber buku:

Menurut Tim Broad-Based Education (2002), kecakapan hidup atau life skills sebagai kecakapan yang dimiliki seseorang untuk mau dan berani menghadapi problema hidup dan kehidupan secara wajar tanpa merasa tertekan, kemudian secara proaktif dan kreatif mencari serta menemukan solusi sehingga akhirnya mampu mengatasinya.

Menurut Anwar (2004), kecakapan hidup adalah kemampuan yang diperlukan untuk berinteraksi dan beradaptasi dengan orang lain, dan masyarakat atau lingkungan dimana ia berada antara lain keterampilan mengambil keputusan, pemecahan masalah, berfikir kritis, berfikir kreatif, berkomunikasi yang efektif, membina hubungan antar pribadi, kesadaran diri, berempati, mengatasi emosi, dan mengatasi stres. 

Menurut Mawardi (2012), life skill atau kecakapan hidup sebagai kontinum pengetahuan dan kemampuan yang diperlukan oleh seseorang untuk berfungsi secara independen dalam kehidupan. 

Menurut Undang Undang Republik Indonesia No. 20 tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, pendidikan kecakapan hidup (life skill) adalah pendidikan yang memberikan kecakapan personal, kecakapan sosial, kecakapan intelektual, dan kecakapan vokasional untuk bekerja atau usaha mandiri.

Tujuan Pendidikan Kecakapan Hidup 

Tujuan pendidikan kecakapan hidup adalah untuk memberikan pengalaman belajar yang berarti bagi peserta didik yang sesuai dengan apa yang dibutuhkan di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, seperti: proses sosial, fungsi sosial serta masalah-masalah kehidupan. Tim Broad Based Education (Depdiknas, 2002), membagi tujuan pendidikan kecakapan hidup ke dalam tujuan umum dan tujuan khusus, yaitu:

a. Tujuan Umum

⏩Mengaktualisasikan potensi peserta didik sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memecahkan problema yang dihadapi. 

⏩Memberikan kesempatan kepada sekolah untuk mengembangkan pembelajaran yang fleksibel sesuai prinsip pendidikan yang berbasis luas (Broad Based Education). 

⏩Mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan sumber daya yang ada di masyarakat, sesuai dengan prinsip manajemen berbasis sekolah (School Based Managemen).

b. Tujuan Khusus

➠Memberdayakan aset kualitas batiniah, sikap dan perbuatan lahiriah peserta didik melalui pengenalan (logos), penghayatan (etos), dan pengalaman (patos) nilai-nilai kehidupan sehari-hari sehingga dapat digunakan untuk menjaga kelangsungan hidup dan perkembangannya. 

➠Memberikan wawasan yang luas tentang perkembangan karir, yang dimulai dari perkembangan diri, eksplorasi karir, orientasi karir, dan penyiapan karir. 

➠Memberikan bekal dasar dan latihan-latihan yang dilakukan secara benar mengenai nilai-nilai kehidupan sehari-hari yang dapat memampukan peserta didik untuk berfungsi menghadapi kehidupan masa depan yang sarat kompetisi dan kolaborasi sekaligus.

➠Mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan sumber daya sekolah melalui pendekatan manajemen berbasis sekolah, partisipasi stakeholders, dan fleksibilitas pengelolaan sumber daya sekolah.

➠Mamfasilitasi peserta didik dalam memecahkan masalah kehidupan yang dihadapi sehari-hari.

Jenis-jenis Pendidikan Kecakapan Hidup 

Kecakapan hidup dikelompokkan menjadi dua jenis, yaitu kecakapan hidup yang bersifat generik (generic life skill/GLS) yang terbagi atas kecakapan personal (personal skill) dan kecakapan sosial (social skill) sedangkan kecakapan hidup yang bersifat khusus (specific life skill/SLS) mencakup kecakapan akademik (academic skill) dan kecakapan vokasional (vocational skill).

1. Kecakapan Personal (Personal Skill) 

Kecakapan personal (personal skill) adalah kecakapan yang diperlukan bagi seseorang untuk mengenal dirinya secara utuh. Kecakapan ini mencakup kecakapan akan kesadaran diri atau memahami diri (self awareness) dan kecakapan berfikir (thinking skill). Kecakapan kesadaran diri merupakan penghayatan sebagai makhluk Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, anggota masyarakat dan Warga Negara, serta menyadari dan mensyukuri kelebihan dan kekurangan yang dimilikinya, sekaligus menjadikannya sebagai modal dalam meningkatkan dirinya sebagai individu yang bermanfaat bagi diri sendiri dan lingkungan.

Kecakapan berfikir rasional (thinking skill) adalah kecakapan yang diperlukan dalam pengembangan potensi berfikir. Kecakapan ini mencakup antara lain kecakapan menggali dan menemukan informasi, kecakapan mengolah informasi dan mengambil keputusan serta kecakapan memecahkan masalah secara kreatif.

2. Kecakapan sosial (Social Skill) 

Kecakapan sosial(social skill) mencakup kecakapan berkomunikasi dengan empati (communication skill) dan kecakapan bekerja sama (collaboration skill). Kecakapan berkomunikasi yang dilakukan secara lisan maupun tulisan. Kemampuan mendengarkan dan menyampaikan gagasan secara lisan maupun tulisan perlu dikembangkan. Kecakapan mendengarkan dengan empati akan membuat orang mampu memahami isi pembicaraan orang lain, sementara lawan bicara merasa diperhatikan dan dihargai. 

Kecakapan bekerjasama maksudnya adalah adanya saling pengertian dan saling membantu antar sesama untuk mencapai tujuan yang baik, karena itu merupakan suatu kebutuhan yang tidak dapat dielakkan sepanjang hidup manusia.

3. Kecakapan Akademik (Academic Skill) 

Kecakapan akademik seringkali disebut dengan kecakapan intelektual atau kemampuan berpikir ilmiah yang pada dasarnya merupakan pengembangan dari kecakapan berpikir secara umum namun mengarah kepada kegiatan yang bersifat keilmuan. Kecakapan ini mencakup antara lain kecakapan mengidentifikasi variabel, menjelaskan hubungan suatu fenomena tertentu, merumuskan hipotesis, merancang dan melaksanakan penelitian. Untuk membangun kecakapan-kecakapan tersebut diperlukan pula sikap ilmiah, kritis, obyektif, dan transparan.

4. Kecakapan Vokasional (Vocational Skill) 


Kecakapan Vokasional adalah keterampilan yang dikaitkan dengan berbagai bidang pekerjaan tertentu yang terdapat di masyarakat. Kecakapan vokasional mencakup kecakapan vokasional dasar (basic vocational skill) dan kecakapan vokasional khusus (occupational skill).

➽Kecakapan vokasional dasar yang berkaitan dengan bagaimana peserta didik menggunakan alat sederhana, misalnya obeng, palu dan sebagainya. 

➽Kecakapan vokasional khusus hanya diperlukan bagi mereka yang akan menekuni pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan bidangnya, misalnya pekerja montir, apoteker, tukang, dan sebagainya.

Tujuan Pendidikan Life Skill

Secara umum pendidikan kecakapan hidup bertujuan memfungsikan pendidikan sesuai dengan fitrahnya, yaitu mengembangkan potensi manusiawi individu untuk menghadapi perannya di masa yang akan datang. Secara khusus pendidikan yang berorientasi pada kecakapan hidup bertujuan untuk:

❤Mengaktualisasikan potensi diri sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memecahkan problema yang dihadapi;

❤Merancang pendidikan agar fungsional bagi kehidupan individu dalam menghadapi kehidupannya di masa datang;

❤Memberikan kesempatan kepada pendidik untuk mengembangkan pembelajaran yang fleksibel, sesuai dengan prinsip pendidikan berbasis luas;

❤Mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan sumberdaya di lingkungan pendidikan, dengan memberi peluang pemanfaatan sumberdaya yang ada di masyarakat, sesuai dengan prinsip manajemen berbasis pendidikan.

Manfaat Life Skill

Secara umum manfaat pendidikan berorientasi pada kecakapan hidup bagi peserta didik adalah sebagai bekal dalam menghadapi dan memecahkan problema hidup dan kehidupan, baik sebagai pribadi yang mandiri, warga masyarakat, maupun sebagai warga negara. Jika hal itu dapat dicapai, maka faktor ketergantungan terhadap lapangan pekerjaan yang sudah ada dapat diturunkan, yang berarti produktivitas nasional akan meningkat secara bertahap.

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