Klasifikasi Pekerjaan Berdasarkan “Otak” dan “Otot”?

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Oleh: Sekar Hayyu Jagaddhita, Mahasiswa Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Brawijaya

“Jangan pernah malu dengan pekerjaanmu karena gengsi tidak akan memberimu makan. Malulah Ketika kamu terus mengeluh tanpa mau berbuat.”

Begitu kurang lebih tulisan yang terpampang di belakang badan truk yang membuat seolah pemilik truk itu berpesan kepada pengguna jalan raya yang melihat tulisan tersebut agar selalu percaya diri dengan jenis pekerjaan masing-masing. Apakah diluar sana ada banyak orang yang malu dengan pekerjaan mereka sehingga pemilik truk memasang tulisan tersebut sebagai reminder?

Sebelum melangkah lebih jauh, kita pahami dulu arti stratifikasi sosial. Stratifikasi sosial atau bisa juga kita sebut pelapisan sosial merupakan pengelompokan atau pembedaan status sosial individu di dalam masyarakat luas secara bertingkat (vertikal). Menurut Max Weber, stratifikasi sosial adalah pembagian orang-orang yang termasuk dalam sistem sosial tertentu di dalam strata hierarkis menurut dimensi kekuasaan, hak istimewa, dan prestise. Mereka yang memiliki kekuasaan cenderung lebih mudah mendapatkan sesuatu daripada mereka yang kekuasaannya lebih rendah atau bahkan tidak memiliki kekuasaan.

Jika berbicara mengenai cita-cita ketika masih duduk di bangku SD atau TK, mungkin mayoritas dari kita akan menyebutkan beberapa profesi, seperti dokter, polisi, tentara, pilot, guru, dan profesi “keren” lainnya. Bahkan jika saat ini kita menanyakan kepada anak kecil di sekitar mengenai ingin menjadi apa mereka ketika dewasa kelak atau apa cita-cita mereka, mungkin mayoritas dari mereka akan menjawab hal serupa. Bahkan tak sedikit orang tua yang mengharapkan anak mereka mendapatkan pekerjaan tersebut. Mengapa hal itu bisa terjadi? Apa penyebab terciptanya “profesi impian sejuta umat” itu?

Ada beberapa hal yang menentukan kedudukan status sosial seseorang di dalam masyarakat seperti, pendidikan, pekerjaan, kekayaan, kekuasaan, keturunan, dll. Dalam stratifikasi sosial, pekerjaan memiliki pengaruh yang kuat. Dapat kita lihat seperti contoh kasus diatas. Beberapa pekerjaan dianggap akan membuat pelakunya menempati kelas sosial atas dan beberapa pekerjaan lainnya dianggap menempati kelas sosial bawah. Misalnya ketika seorang mantan atlet andal kemudian alih profesi menjadi driver ojek online, satpam, maupun kuli panggul. Atau ketika seorang mantan Anggota Dewan beralih profesi menjadi pekerja sosial (penyapu jalan). Mungkin mereka sudah menerima hal tersebut sebagai tuntutan untuk menyambung hidup. Namun pastinya masyarakat akan menilai apa yang mereka alami merupakan sesuatu yang sangat ironis. 

Contoh lainnya ketika seorang mahasiswa yang berkuliah sembari melakukan kerja sampingan sebagai pelayan kafe mungkin akan mendapatkan simpati dan apresiasi orang-orang. Lain halnya ketika seseorang yang bergelar sarjana memutuskan untuk berkerja di kafe sebagai pelayan demi menghasilkan uang. Mereka akan cenderung merasa malu dan gengsi. Hal ini seolah menunjukkan bahwa sebagian pekerjaan jauh lebih terhormat dibandingkan pekerjaan lainnya, dan didukung pula dengan status pendidikan orang yang melakukannya.

Dengan begitu, dalam konteks ini pekerjaan tidak hanya menjadi sarana mendapatkan penghasilan, tapi untuk mendapatkan strata sosial yang tinggi. Ditambah lagi dengan adanya pengelompokan pekerjaan berdasarkan “otak” dan “otot”. Strata sosial pekerjaan tertinggi ditempati oleh jenis pekerjaan “otak” dan strata sosial terendahnya ditempati oleh jenis pekerjaan “otot”. Seakan pekerjaan “otot” tidak membutuhkan “otak” dan juga sebaliknya. Inilah penyebab munculnya tekanan sosial yang akhirnya menyebabkan lahirnya gengsi sosial.

Kekacauan persepsi kita terhadap kontruksi sosial status pekerjaan secara tidak sadar menciptakan tekanan sosial yang pada akhirnya mengarah pada gengsi sosial. Gengsi sosial ini muncul karena adanya konsep mapan pada status sosial. Orang yang memiliki pekerjaan “otot” memiliki rasa gengsi terhadap pekerja “otak”. Sedangkan orang yang memiliki pekerjaan “otak” merasa gengsi terhadap pekerja “otak” lain yang memiliki jabatan atau penghasilan yang lebih tinggi darinya.

Pada dasarnya, kategori pekerjaan muncul sebagai akibat dari kontruksi sosial yang tumbuh secara historis. Karena adanya stratifikasi sosial, akhirnya pekerjaan bukan hanya dilihat dari aspek ekonominya saja, melainkan juga dari status pekerjaan tersebut di dalam strata sosial. Klasifikasi pekerjaan tersebut menghasilkan tekanan sosial yang berdampak pada keengganan seseorang untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang berada di strata sosial bawah, meskipun sedang dalam kesulitan ekonomi sekalipun.

Editor: Tim Redaksi

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